Debian is an excellent Linux distribution, especially for servers. It is also a great distribution to run on a regular desktop computer or laptop. You very rarely encounter a bug on this operating system, and packages integrate exceptionally well with one another. The first major package format created for Linux is the debian format or debs. A debian package contains binary files such as compiled programs, data files, metadata and installation scripts. The metadata includes the name, version, processor architecture, dependencies and a detailed description. Debian packages can come in udeb and deb format. List specific software package on Debian. We can search for a specific software package or group of packages installed on the server, using the grep command. For example, to get a list of all PHP packages installed on the server, we can use the following command-line command: apt list -installed grep -i php.
So you installed Ubuntu and started using it extensively. Somewhere down the line, you are bound to lose the track of the software that you had installed over the time. That’s perfectly normal. No one expects you to remember all the packages installed on your system. But the question arises, how. Debug packages Packages providing debugging information for executables and shared libraries. Development Development utilities, compilers, development environments, libraries, etc. Documentation FAQs, HOWTOs and other documents trying to explain everything related to Debian, and software needed to browse documentation (man, info, etc).
Packages for the base R system have been part of the Debian distribution since 1997, thanks to Douglas Bates, and are diligently maintained by Dirk Eddelbuettel since 2001. R, as well as many add-on packages (from CRAN and others repositories) are available via the regular Debian distribution mechanisms. Hence, running
Debian Linux Software Packages
in a shell should get you started with a list of available packages. Bleach episode 4 english dubbed.
Debian sid (unstable)
The latest stable version of R and many R packages from CRAN and the Bioconductor project are readily available in official Debian sid repositories.
Installation
With an appropriate entry in
/etc/apt/sources.list (see below for Debian branches other than sid/unstable), the newest R release including recommended packages can be installed using a command sequence like
While updating your package lists you might get a warning about a missing key, telling you that the integrity of packages can not be verified. You can ignore this if you trust the CRAN servers and continue with the installation. Otherwise, please refer to the section on secure apt below.
You only need
r-base-dev if you want to compile R packages yourself or other software depending on R (see section below on administration and maintenance). Be aware that you may also have to install build dependencies (typically -dev packages containing headers). The list r-sig-debian is a good place to ask if you run into problems.
You may want to install the automatically tuned Atlas or the multi-threaded OpenBlas library in order to get higher performance for linear algebra operations
or
Administration and Maintenance
The R packages part of
r-base and r-recommended are installed into the directory /usr/lib/R/library . The other R packages available as precompiled Debian packages r-cran-* and r-bioc-* are installed into /usr/lib/R/site-library .
These can be updated using usual Debian package maintenance tools like apt-get or aptitude.
The command
shows all packages that depend on
r-base-core . This comprises a large number of contributed packages from CRAN and other repositories.
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If you want to install R packages not provided as Debian packages, or if you want to use newer versions, you need to build them from source which requires the development package
r-base-dev that can be installed by
This pulls in the basic requirements for compiling R packages. R packages may then be installed by the local user/admin from the CRAN source packages, typically from inside R using the
function or using
from a shell. If you have proper write permissions in
/usr/local/lib/R/site-library/ , and you have not set R_LIBS_USER manually, they will be installed there. Otherwise, you will be asked if a directory in your home directory should be created for these packages. A routine update of such locally compiled packages can be done using
which will update the packages in the first part of your library path. You can have a look at the components of this path by
If you would like to update R packages that have been installed via the Debian package management system which are installed somewhere under
/usr/lib/ , I would recommend to do this the Debian way using the source packages from Debian unstable.
Pathways to R Packages
In order to find packages, R looks at the variables
R_LIBS_USER and R_LIBS_SITE . On Debian and Ubuntu, R_LIBS_USER is set in /etc/R/Renviron to
where
$platform is something like 'x86_64-pc-linux-gnu' and depending on the version of R installed. You can override this in ~/.Renviron . R_LIBS_SITE is set in /etc/R/Renviron to
This means that packages installed from within R take precedence over the ones installed via the Debian package management system if you happen to have two versions installed at the same time.
deb is the format, as well as extension of the software package format for the Linux distributionDebian and its derivatives.
Design[edit]
GDebi installing a .deb package
Debian Software Packages Download
Debian packages are standard Unixar archives that include two tar archives. One archive holds the control information and another contains the installable data.[2]
dpkg provides the basic functionality for installing and manipulating Debian packages. Generally end users don't manage packages directly with dpkg but instead use the APT package management software or other APT front-ends such as aptitude (nCurses) and synaptic (GTK+).[3]
Debian packages can be converted into other package formats and vice versa using alien, and created from source code using checkinstall or the Debian Package Maker.[4]
Some core Debian packages are available as udebs ('micro debs'), and are typically used only for bootstrapping a Debian installation. Although these files use the udeb filename extension, they adhere to the same structure specification as ordinary deb files. However, unlike their deb counterparts, udeb packages contain only essential functional files.[5] In particular, documentation files are normally omitted. udeb packages are not installable on a standard Debian system, but are used in Debian-Installer.
Implementation[edit]
Diagram showing an example file structure of a .deb file
Frhed hex editor displaying the raw data of a Debian package.
Prior to Debian 0.93, a package consisted of a file header and two concatenated gzip archives.[6] Since Debian 0.93, a deb package is implemented as an ar archive.[7] This archive contains three files in a specific order:[8][9]
Control archive[edit]
The control archive contents can include the following files:
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Signed packages[edit]
Debian-based distributions support GPG signature verification of signed Debian packages, but most (if not all) have this feature disabled by default.[20] Instead packages are verified by signing the repository metadata (i.e. Release files). The metadata files in turn include checksums for the repository files as a means to verify authenticity of the files.[21][22] Currently there are two different implementations for signing individual packages. The first is done via the debsigs / debsig-verify toolset, which is supported by dpkg.[20][23] The second is done through the dpkg-sig program which is not supported by dpkg, so the packages have to be manually checked with the dpkg-sig program.[20][24][25][26] Both formats add new section(s) to the ar archive to store the signature information, but the formats are not compatible with one another.[20] Neither of the modifications to the package format are listed in the official Debian handbook or man page about the binary package format.[27][8]
Adoption[edit]
See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
Debian Install Package From Source
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